River rapid classification rafting.

When planning a trip you need to decide what sort of classification of water you’re comfortable with doing and also then research the trip and what sort of classification you expect to see out there. Rivers are classed between one and six, most of the time you’re hovering around two, three and four. Down to my right here you have a class two section of white water and off to my left you have a class one section, pretty easy moving water. Class three starts to get a little more complicated, requires a little more skill from the raft guide and the crew and there are limits options for negotiating your way down a class three rapid. Class four rapids are more difficult, the risk of injury is higher, you have to have a better understanding of how to maneuver your raft around and be fairly experienced. Class five is really expert only, you have a serious risk of injury, very limited options on where to go on the river and the routes to take and then class six is supposed to be un-runable, class six, serious risk of injury or death, uh, typically not run from a rafting standpoint recreational

Knowing River features and dynamics for rafting.

It’s great to understand a little bit about river dynamics and river features so that you’re able to use them to your advantage when you work your way downstream. Taking a river rescue course will also enable you to get a better understanding of how to use these features to your advantage and also which features to look out for and which features to fear. Uh, on the river you commonly have a lot of sections where there are wave trains. Wave trains for rafting are a lot of fun. While you’re in a wave train you also need to be looking out for upstream and downstream V’s. With an upstream V, that is often determined by a rock in your path. You need to make sure that you understand that and that you avoid those rocks. Downstream V’s point in the direction that you want to go, so that you can have the maximum amount of fun. Also on the river there are eddies. An eddy is an area of water that is slowly moving upstream, it can actually be moving quite rapidly upstream. It’s often caused by a shoreline feature or a rock in the river that interrupts the flow of the river. Eddies can be real useful to you as a raft guide, or as a rafter, for slowing down or stopping, you can use an eddy as an area to drive into and stop so that you can wait to bring the rest of your trip downstream or just to take a break and hang out. Also it’s a great way to scout from the river using an eddy to pull over and stop. Rafting again, is organized chaos, things happen very quickly and the river is sort of a conveyor belt though that chaos and eddies are an opportunity for you to step off that chaos conveyor and take a little break and look around and see what’s going on. There are holes and hydraulics out there that are fun to play in, you need to understand a little bit about which holes are appropriate for you to go in depending on the size of your raft and the type of trip your crew is looking for. There are some holes that are quite big, quite sticky and quite complicated to get out of, and can be quite life threatening. There are also other holes that are small, playful and fun, and it’s a shame to miss an opportunity to play on the river when it passes you by, so having an understanding of what’s appropriate and what’s in-appropriate is something that you can get from a river rescue class.

Safety gear for rafting

It’s great to understand a little bit about river dynamics and river features so that you’re able to use them to your advantage when you work your way downstream. Taking a river rescue course will also enable you to get a better understanding of how to use these features to your advantage and also which features to look out for and which features to fear. Uh, on the river you commonly have a lot of sections where there are wave trains. Wave trains for rafting are a lot of fun. While you’re in a wave train you also need to be looking out for upstream and downstream V’s. With an upstream V, that is often determined by a rock in your path. You need to make sure that you understand that and that you avoid those rocks. Downstream V’s point in the direction that you want to go, so that you can have the maximum amount of fun. Also on the river there are eddies. An eddy is an area of water that is slowly moving upstream, it can actually be moving quite rapidly upstream. It’s often caused by a shoreline feature or a rock in the river that interrupts the flow of the river. Eddies can be real useful to you as a raft guide, or as a rafter, for slowing down or stopping, you can use an eddy as an area to drive into and stop so that you can wait to bring the rest of your trip downstream or just to take a break and hang out. Also it’s a great way to scout from the river using an eddy to pull over and stop. Rafting again, is organized chaos, things happen very quickly and the river is sort of a conveyor belt though that chaos and eddies are an opportunity for you to step off that chaos conveyor and take a little break and look around and see what’s going on. There are holes and hydraulics out there that are fun to play in, you need to understand a little bit about which holes are appropriate for you to go in depending on the size of your raft and the type of trip your crew is looking for. There are some holes that are quite big, quite sticky and quite complicated to get out of, and can be quite life threatening. There are also other holes that are small, playful and fun, andit’s a shame to miss an opportunity to play on the river when it passes you by, so have an understanding of what’s appropriate and what’s in-appropriate is something that you can get from a river rescue class.

How to do paddle signals for Raft?

Paddle signals are an important way to communicate from the lead raft to the trip leader or from the trip leader back to the sweep. So coming up with some basic paddle signals are advantageous to your group. Some of the commonly recognized paddle signals would be a go, which is a paddle straight up, also you can do that with just your How to do paddle signals for Raft?
hand, which would be a hand straight up, this means go. Stop, which is an important paddle stroke to have means this, paddle across the river, you can also do without a paddle with your arms out like this, this means stop. With rafting you always point to the direction you want to go so, if you want to go to the river right, you paddle to the river right, if you want to head to the opposite direction turn your paddle to the opposite direction. You guys, have an emergency, they tend to spin the paddle in the air and use a whistle and blow the whistle to get people’s attention. This means you have an emergency situation on the river. Beyond those simple paddling commands you also can come up with your own group paddling commands so that you’re able to communicate with one another. This means I need a first aid kit, sort of commonly used throughout the area, there are other paddling commands like come, or slow down, that you can use, depending on how big a group you, uh, you’re out there with and how often you paddle together will pretty much determine how complicated your paddle signals will become.

How to right a capsized raft when water rafting?

One of the ways that you can right a capsized raft is to swim toward it, climb up onto the raft and then flip it over using your paddle or a flip-line. The hardest part is getting up onto the raft. With self-bailers that’s a little easier because the drain holes on the sides you can use to help pull yourself up onto the raft. Once you’re up there, you tuck the t-grip of the paddle under the raft, check the line and then lean back and flip it over. Once you have the raft right side up, then the guides use the handles on the sides of the raft to push themselves back up into the raft and then help any struggling guests or crewmembers get back into the raft and then you can paddle on downstream. So this maneuver can be done on the fly as you work your way downstream and is a common and effective method of righting a capsized raft on a larger volume river where swimming to shore really isn’t an option.

How to learn and avoid rock obstacles when water rafting?

When helping other river users or other members of your trip, you need to prioritize what you’re going for first. You always go for people before gear regardless of what’s near you. Get the people back in the boat and then go for the gear. Gear is replaceable, people aren’t, so if you see the rescue situation about to happen, blow your whistle hard, and then paddle, paddle, paddle, go for the people first and then go for the gear. In Nepal Rivers are not so wide so that time one the way very often appears stones. Stones can make accident for the rafters. In that case should have to row the boat defending of the Stone.

How to pull someone into a boat when water rafting?

During your trip talk you’re going to cover how to self-rescue, and also how to pull other crewmembers back into the boat. Often it you’re doing a pretty challenging section of the river, its good to practice that in flat water before you get going so that your crew gets a better idea of how it works and how easy it is to do. So it usually only takes one person to self-rescue, to rescue one swimmer, you look in their face, you grab them by the PFD right by their shoulders and then you use your legs, you fall over backwards and they come in on top of you. It’s a pretty effective, pretty quick way for you to rescue one another. Then you take your seat, make sure everyone is situated and then head on downstream. Often, if you don’t practice while you’re out there on the river what will happen then is the crew will all wait for somebody else to self-rescue, to rescue that person or probably worse, during the rapid is two or three people will jump to one side of the raft to save one person and that sets you too often in a situation to flip or a situation where you have more than one person swimming because you set a low side of the raft and then two or three people are swimming at one time. It’s usually better to have the guide stay in the back of the boat and continue guiding and the rest of the crew listening to those guiding commands and instructions so that you guys don’t end up getting in the situation where you all end up swimming.

How to swim in moving water when rafting?

There are two types of swimming on the river, one is defensive swimming and one is aggressive swimming. With defensive swimming what you’re really doing is laying on your back, feet downstream and looking for help, sort of getting yourself oriented to the river, trying to figure out where you are and then getting yourself comfortably there. Defensive swimming tends to be for novice and guests that are real, or not real familiar with white water. A person swimming defensively is looking to be rescued by somebody else rather than really taking the initiative and rescuing themselves. The aggressive swimming, aggressive white water swimming is where the guide, or an experienced,white water person is taking control of their situation and swimming aggressively,from one side of the river to the other, either to the quickest point on shore or to avoid,a certain obstacle while you’re out there. If we do not know how to swim on river and it is very difficult to save the life and we con not rescue for other. It is necessary for the rafting guider.

How to scout rivers for rifting?

Scouting from shore is probably the most conservative way to run a river. If you’ve checked out a guidebook, and you understand that there are some large river features on the route that you want to check out before you run them, then scouting from shore is the best way to do that. Often guidebooks will tell you some river features upstream of the large rapid so that you have a better understanding where to take out, so that you can walk downstream and check it out. One of the beauties of rafting is that you’re also with a group of other people so scouting from shore give you an opportunity to talk to fellow raft guides so you can decide which is the best route to take and which are the best rapids to run and the best rapids to walk around. Also you have the ability to split your group. Some folks will be comfortable running certain rapids, other folks won’t and scouting gives you the opportunity to pull over to shore, give your crew a rest, give you the opportunity to figure out the line you want to take. It also give you an opportunity to let your crew see where they’re going to go and make an educated, um, educated decision whether or not they want to run that rapid or not. Um, also scouting from shore gives you the ability to walk down beyond the rapid and set up safety, you can stop downstream, you can run a rapid one boat at a time, you can have one guide downstream perhaps with guests setting up safety so that you run that rapid as conservatively as possible. It’s always recommended that if you’re on a class three or above rapid that you scout it the first few time you run it, so that you know exactly what you’re doing and where you’re going.

River reading strategies for rafting.

After planning your trip and reading the guidebooks you have a pretty good understanding of what to expect on the river, understanding also that the river changes continually and the guidebooks aren’t necessarily updated. So things changes from day to day, week to week, month to month, to month so you always need to make sure as you’re working your way downstream, you lift your vision and you anticipate and figure out what’s going on before it surprises you. One of the ways to do this is to river read on the fly. You can scout downstream, figure out your route and sort of plan how to get there. Also if there’s an area where it’s hard for you to see downstream you can pull to one side of the river or the other, stop in an eddy and scout from the eddy. You can eddy hop your way downstream, it’s a very conservative way to work your way downstream and to scout from the river. That way you’ll never too surprised as you work your way down. Um, you can come down a section of river that you are super comfortable with, real familiar with and there can be a tree down in the middle of the river and uh, that’s something that wasn’t there the day before. You need to be able to see that before it’s upon you, so again raising your vision, understanding that the river changes continually is a great way for you to approach your descent downstream.

Rafting in Nepal.

Rafting in Nepal very nice and you can enjoy and make a nice tour to River. There are some Rivers and they are good in october season. This is one of the best adventures and fun in the life.

Thermal flying parachute.

When the sun warms the ground will warms. It will warm some features such as rock face or large buildings and these set off thermals which rise through the air. Some times these may be a simple rising column of air, more often. They are blown sideways in the wind and will break off from the source with a new thermal forming later. Once a pilot finds a thermal, he begins to fly in a circle, trying to center the circle on the strongest part of the thermal core. Where the air rising the fastest. Most pilots use a vario altimeter. which indicates climb rate with beeps or a visual display to help core in on a thermal. The technique to core a thermal is simple turn tighter as lift decreases and turn less as lift increases. The ensures you are always flying around the core. Often there is strong sink surrounding thermals and there is often also strong turbulence resulting in wing collapses as a pilot tries to enter a strong thermal. Once inside a thermal, shear forces reduce somewhat and the left tends to become smother. Good thermal flying is a skill which takes time to learn but a good pilot can often care a thermal all way to cloud base.

In flight wing deflation of parachute.

Since the shape of the wing airfoil is formed by the moving air entering and in flatting the wing, in turbulent air, part or all of the wing airfoil can deflate collapse. Piloting techniques referred to as active flying will greatly reduce the frequency and severity of deflation or collapses. On modern variational wings such deflation will normally recover without pilot intervention. In the event of a severe deflation, correct pilot input will speed recovery from a deflation but incorrect pilot input may slow the return of the glider to normal flight so pilot training and practice in correct response to deflation is necessary. For the rate occasions when it is not possible to recover from a deflation or from other threatening situations such as a spin, most pilot carry a reserve emergency rescue parachute. Most pilots never have cause to throw their reserve should a wing deflation occur at low altitude, shortly after take off or just before landing the wing paraglidint may not recover its correct structure rapidly enough to prevent an accident with the pilot often not having enough altitude remaining to successfully deploy a reserve parachute with the minimum altitude for this being approximately 200ft but typical deployment to stabilization periods using up 400-600ft of altitude. It is also important to note that should the wing collapse have been due to turbulence. This bad air can cause the reserve parachute to take significantly longer to inflate and stabilise. In this example, it may be of greater benefit to the paragliding to purposefully lose altitude to clear this turbulent air before deploying their reserve should they have spare altitude to use on this process. Low altitude wing failure can result in serious injury or death due to the subsequent velocity of a ground impact where ironically a higher altitude failure may allow more time to regain some degree of control in the descent rate and critically deploy the reserve if needed. In flight wing deflation and other hazards are minimized by flying a suitable glider and choosing appropriate weather conditions and locations for the pilot's skill and experience level.

parachute Launching.

(a) Forward launch: in low wind the wing is inflatal with a forward launch, where the pilot tuns forward so that the air pressure generated by the forward movement inflates the wing.
(b) Reverse launch: In higher winds particularly ridge soaring, a reverse launch is used with the pilot facing the wing to bring it up into flying position then turning under the wing to complete the launch. Reverse launches have a number of advantages over a forward launch. It is more straight forward to inspect the wing and check the lines are free as it leaves the ground. In the presence of wing\d, the pilot can be tugged toward the wing and facing the wing makes it easier to resist this force and safer in case the pilot slips as opposed to being dragged backwards. These launches are making the ground speed required to pressurise the wind much lower the pilot is initially launching while walking forwards as opposed to running backward.
(c) Towed launch: In flatter countryside pilots can also be launched with a tow. Once at full height the pilot pulls a release cord and the towline falls away. This requires separate training as flying on winch has quite different characteristics from free flying. There are two major ways to tow. Pay in and pay out towing. Pay in towing involves a stationary winch that pays in the towline and thereby pulls the pilot in the air. The distance between winch and pilot at the start is around 500 meter or more. Pay out towing involves a moving object like a car or a boat that pays out line slower than the speed of the object thereby pulling the pilot up in the air. In both cases ,it is very important to have a gauge indicating daN to avoid pulling the pilot out of the air. There is one other form of towing , static towing. This involves a moving object, like a car or boat attached to a paraglider or hand glider with a fixed length line. This is very dangerous because now the forces on the line have to be controlled by the moving object itself which is almost impossible to do.

Emergency landing paradhute.

When you are going to paragliding. All the time not same good weather. Some time weather might be suddenly change in that time pilot should have to emergency land. The pilot can be forced to land in some unusual conditions. For example a strong wind and in big raining time. If the pilot has to land on a tree, he thrusts himself upon it, making sure that the lines of wing and the safety parachute tangle well in the branches to that he is safe from falling. After clutching the strongest branches, he must stay in his place until the rescue comes. Once the safety parachute is launched the pilot should take the glider under control, in order to cease the winging and the collapse. The inner risers are entirely pulled and the wing gets into a stall. The pilot must be provided with a life jacket in case of an emergency landing on water. The pilot lands against the wind. In the air he should loosen the harnesses round the legs. Before falling into the water the pilot pulls the brake lines completely so the canopy will to set the life system in operation the pilot should throw the inner container away. As soon as the connecting line is pulled stretched, it pulls out the splint from the container and trees the parachute's canopy. If the maneuver fails, the pilot stands into an upright position, ready for an emergency landing . The speed of collapse is from 3 to 7 m/Se fall over him.

Spiral dive parachute.

Spiral dive is also important for parachute. The spiral dive is the most rapid form of controlled fast descent with a little bit of practice you will achieve a sink rate of 15m/s and move. However spiral dives put Strong forces on the wing and glider and must be done carefully and skilfully. The forces involved can induce blackout and the rotation can produce disorientate on. Spiral dives as with all paragliding techniques are best learned under expert supervision. Paragliding courses offer a chance to practice spiral dives over water with a rescue boat standing by. The spiral dives is initiated by pulling the brake on one side and holding it down. Constant pulling on one brake narrows the radius of the furn and forms a spiral rotation in which high sink rates can be reached. As soon as the glider is in a spiral dive clear increase of sink rate and turn bank, the outside wing should aways be stabilised with the out side brake and the desired sink rate should be controlled with great delicacy.

B line stall parachute.

In B line stall the second set of risers from the leading edge front the B lines are pulled down independently of the other risers with specific lines used to initiate the condition being responsible for its name. This puts a crease in the upper surface of the wing, thereby destroying the laminar flow of air over the aerofoil. This reduces the lift produced by the canopy and thus induces a higher rate of descent. The B line stall should be initiated with the wing in normal flight, no speed bar, not accelerated. Grasp the B lines on both sides above the line links and pull them down. There is no need to release the brake toggles while B stalling. The pilot may have to pull on the B lines with sufficient force to almost lift themselves out of the seat to get the wing to crease. Once the crease is in, it requires less effort to keep it in that, it does to initiate it. The sensation for the pilot when the B line stall is induced is that the breeze is upwards rather than in our face pulling the B lines even further down will not enhance the sink rate but can lead to a more unstable flight position. To recover from the B line stall release the B risers so that the aerofoil shape of the wing is resumed. This will normally be sufficient to resume normal flight but if the canopy remains in a stall push forward gently on the A risers to lower the leading edge of the wing and reattach the laminar airflow to the upper surface of the wing.

About big ears of parachute.

Big ears induces descent rates 2m/sec. By pulling on the outer A lines the wing tips of the glider can be folded in. This method drastically deteriorates the glide with only a small decrease in forward speed. The effectiveness of this technique can be increased b using the speed system at the same time. To reflate on a low performance glider is simply necessary to release the lines. On higher performance gliders may be necessary to help the re inflation with brief, deep pumps of the brakes whilst big ears in use the loading on the remaining flying surface of the glider is increased and it is more stable and less prone to collapse. However there is an increased risk of stalling because pulling the ears increases the angle of attack and reduces the speed of the wing so while ears and speed bar is a good combination ears and brake is not, it is best not to use the brakes when the ears are in.

Fast descents of parachute.

When the weather changes unexpectedly or some time other problems might be appears that time pilot should have to rapidly reducing altitude in such situations, each of which has benefits and issues to be aware of. There are three possibilities.
(a) Big ears induces decent rates of 2m/s. It is the most controllable of the techniques and the easiest for beginners to learn. By pulling on the outer A lines the wing tips of the glider can folded in. This method drastically deteriorates the glide angle with only a small decrease in forward speed.
(b) A B line stall induces descent rates of 5m/s. If increases loading on parts of the wing the pilot's weight is mostly on the B lines, instead of spread across all the lines. There is not a rick of the pilot becoming disoriented as a result of using this technique. In a B line stall the second set of risers from the leading edge, front the B lines are pulled down independently of the other risers with the specific lines used to initiate the condition being responsible for its name.
(c) A spiral dive offers the fastest rate of descent at 10-15m/sec. It places greater loads on the wing than other techniques do and requires the highest level of skill from the pilot to execute safely.

Control speedbar mechanism.

These controls are called brakes. Brakes controls held in each of the pilot's hands connect to the trailing edge of the left and right side of the wings and most general means of control in the para glider. The brakes are set adjust speed to steer in addition to weight shift and flare during landing. Weight shift in addition to manipulating the brakes para glider pilot must also learn in order to steer properly. Such weight shifting can also be used for more limited steering when brake use is unavailable, such as when under big ears. More advanced control techniques may also involve weight shifting. Speed bat a kind of foot control called the speed bar or accelerator attaches to the paragliding harness and connects to the leading edge of the para glider wing. Usually through a system of at least two pulleys. This control is used to increase speed and does so by decreasing the wing's angle of attack. This control is necessary because the brakes can only slow the wing from what is called trim speed. The accelerator is needed to go faster than this.

advance stage of parachute.

Most recognised courses lead to a national licence and an internationally recognised international pilot proficiency information and identification card. The specifies five stages of paragliding from the entry level 1 to the most advance stage 5. If they would like to proceed with a full pilot training program, most school offer tandem flights in which an experience instructor pilots the para glider with the prospective pilot as a passenger. Sports and competitive flying , cross country leagues annual leagues of the greatest distance flying. Accuracy spot landing competitions where pilots land on targets with a 3cm centre spot out to a full 10meter circle competitive flying based on completing a number such a fling around set way point. Aero acrobatic manoeuvres and stunt flying, heart stopping tricks such as helicopters wing overs, synchrony spirals, infinity tumbles and so on. National and international records, despite continually improving gliders, these become ever more difficult to achieve aside from longest distance and highest altitude. For examples include distance to declared goal, distance over triangular course, speed over 100 km triangular course. Competitive flying is done on high performance wings which demand for more skill to fly then their recreational counterparts but which are more responsive and offer greater feed back to the pilot as well as flying with better glide.

What time must be avoid for paragliding?

Rain and snow time because a para glider wing is made from fabric, it has the ability to absorb moisture. Moreover, the weight of a para glider wing is critical to it's performance. Flying into heavy rain or snow will weight the wing down and may terminate a flight quickly. A wet wing is also less controllable, less stable and will exhibit less tendency to recover into normal flight. A wind direction that will not allow a take off or landing into the wind, at least generally so tail wind take off are to be avoided at all cast. Assurance that an headwind id not actually a rotor is also critical. High atmospheric instability, indicate in part by overdeveloped cumulus clouds or in worse situations by cumuli nimbus cloud formation. If clouds are any where in sight. Excessive wind speed or gustness 15mph(24km/h) wind is fairly windy for a paragliderand most pilots won't take off in much more wind than that. High winds will also increase the effect of mechanical turbulence. Gusty conditions and will make collapses more likely while in flight. The limit of 15mph is fairly arbitrary and also depends on local parameters.

Equipment, wing part of a paraglider.

The paraglider wing is known in aeronautical engineering as a ram air airfoil or parafoil. Such wing comprise two layers of fabric which are connected to internal supporting material in such a way as to form a row of cells. Beginning of the cell open only at the leading edge, incoming air keeps the wing inflated so maintaining its shape. When inflated the wing's cross section has the typical teard rope aerofoil shape. The pilot is supported underneath the wing by a network of line. The lines are gathered into two sets as left and right risers. The risers collect the lines in rows from front to back in either 3 or 4 rows, distributing load as in a whippletree. The risers are connected to the pilot's harness by two carabiners. Beginner wings Will be in the lower part of this range, high performance wings in the upper part of the range. The range for safe flying will be somewhat smaller. The speed range of paragliding is 20-60 kilomerer per hour. Paraglider wings have an area of 20-35 square meter with a span of 8-12 meter and weight 3-7 kilograms. Combined weight of wing, harness, reserve, instruments and helmet. The wing is usually folded into a stuff sack. The paragliders designed to carry the pilot and one passenger. Safety is directly influenced by the pilot's mental attitude, experience, skill, reaction to,e. active natire of the air and whether or not the paraglider is fling at an altitude where the emergency parachute might possibly have time to open in the event of an unrecoverable collapse or spiral dive. Incidents of any nature that happen in an altitude that does not allow to recover or deploy the reserve parachute are the most likely situations to cause severe or fatal injuries and while start and landing.

About harness of parachute.

Harness pay very important roll. The pilot is loosely and comfortable buckled into a harness which offers support in both the standing and sitting position. Many harness even have an adjustable lumbar support. The primary porpose of parachutes is for descending as when jumping out of an aircraft. In contrast, the primary purpose of paragliders is for ascending. Paragliding are categorized as ascending parachute by canopy manufacture worldwide and are designed for free flying, meaning flight without a tether. However in areas without high launch points, para gliders may be towed aloft by a ground vehicle or a stationary winch, after which they are released, creating much the same effect as a mountain launch. Such tethered launches can give a paraglider pilot a higher starting point than many mountains do, offering similar opportunities t catch thermals and to remain airborne by thermal and other forms of lift. As with other forms of free flight, paragliding requires the significant skill and training required for air croft control, including aero nautical theory, meteorological knowledge and forecasting, personal/emotional safety considerations.

What are instruments need when paragliding?

Very important instruments are barometers, radio, and GPS need when paragliding flying. variometer or vario altimeter. Variometer is capable of detecting rates of climb or sink of 1cm per second, such is the case of the fly meter which uses extremely low noise electronics and such minute change in air pressure. A vario meter indicate climb rate or sink rate with short audio signals beeps, which increase in pitch and tempo during ascent, and a droning sound. Which gets Dipper as the rate of descent increases. It also shows altitude either above take off, above sea level, or at higher altitude, flight level. The main purpose of a variometer is in helping a pilot find and stay in the core of a thermal to maximise height again and conversely to indicate when a pilot is in sinking air and needs to find rising air.
Radio: pilot use radio for training purpose for communicating with other pilots in the air, particularly when travelling together on cross country flights and for reporting the location of landing. 2meter band is good one radio band, sometime used for inter personal communication and aviation.
GPS global positioning system is a necessary accessory when flying, where it has to be demonstrated that way pointer correctly. When flying at altitude, providing position information to allow restricted airspace to be avoided and identifying one's location for retrieval teams after landing out in unfamiliar territory.

Learn first to fly parachute.

Most popular paragliding in the world so learn first and have great experience of paragliding. This paragliding is also adventure trip. That is very important to learn in school or organized. Training for beginning pilots usually begins with some amount of ground school to discuss the basics, including elementary theories of flight as well as basic structure and operation of the paragliding. Students then learn how to control the glider on the ground, practicing take offs and controlling the wing overhead. It needs first low and gentle hill are where students get their first short flight, fling at very low altitudes, to get used to the handling of the wing over varied terrain. Special winches can be used to tow the glider to low altitude in area. As their skills progress, students should have of more on to steeper/higher hills, making longer flights and learning to turn the glider, control the glider's speed on to turns, spot landings,and other more advanced techniques. Training instruction are provided to the student via radio during the first flights. Complete paragliding instruction program provides substantial background in the key area of meteorology, aviation law, and general flight area etiqufte.

Matter comes first safety of paragliding.

Every sport or in adventures must be safety of the life. If there is not safe then it can be very danger of the life so if you are going to fly with paragliding, you should think about safety ways. what are first priority think about before to fly paragliding. check it your all equipment of the parachute and what you need for paragliding. Make it sure they are reliable and bout the weather. what kind of weather is good for fly with parachute and what king of weather is avoid. Safety is directly influenced by the pilot's mental attitude, experience, skill, reaction time, active nature of the air and whether or not the para glider is flying at an altitude where the emergency reserve parachute might possibly have time to open in the event of an unrecoverable collapse or spiral deve. Incidents of any nature that happen in an altitude that does not allow to recover or deploy the reserve parachute are the most likely situations to Case severe or fatal injuries and while start and landing.

what is the treatment of AMS?

If anybody has AMS sick then they should have to go down, down and down. It is very important and safety way and it is very good madicin for AMS. There is not magic altitude which you should descend. Go down to the place where you were comfortable before. This is usually about 300 meters pr more. Stay where you are and do not ascend if you have moderate AMS. If one is badly struck, we could only need time for him/her to go down by the use of inject able or oral steroid (dexamethasone at the dose of 4 to 8 mg 6 hourly), oxygen, diamox, pressure bag (Gamow bag) and diuretics (drug which makes one pee)Nifedipine, a drug used commonly in hypertension could be used in a setting of HAPE at the dose of 10mg three to four times per day. Diamox should be avoided in people who are allergic to sulfa drugs. The most common side effect is tingling of the hands and feet and the eyes and the lips. Some might experience that the aerated drinks taste flat. People may wake up several times in the night because of the diuretic effect. Gastritis is the commonest side effect with dexamethasone and can be effectively tackled with the use of drugs like ranitidine. Remember, all these only buy time one still needs to go down, go down and go down.

What do we do?

AMS is preventable and treatable. Our body is a machine, it always gives signs when it is malfunctioning. All we need to do is to listen to our body and help, not hinder its process. Avoid the risk factors. By slow ascent, we can digest the altitude, the process is called acclimatization. Here, our body gets sufficient time to adjust to the high altitude. It is prudent to take a rest day every third day with the rate of ascent not more than 400 metes per day after the altitude of 3000 meters. Climb high and sleep low is another of the dictum of altitude medicine. Moderate exertion on rest day is also recommended. People acclimatizing well will have increased diuresis which helps prevent fluid accumulating in the body. The process of acclimatization can be accelerated by the use of a drug called acetazlamide ( diamox) taken at a dose of 250mg twice daily (5mg/kg for kids)

what are the risk factors for AMS?

Rapid ascent is the main risk factor. Dehydration, airway infections, overexertion, sleeping pills, obesity, and alcohol are other risk factors. Previous history of altitude sickness is the vest predictor of whether one would be struck again. Non flexible itineraries. peer pressure, tough and stoic personality are some other risk factors. Excess chill and cold exposure is a known risk factor for HAPE.

Why does AMS happen?

All is because of low atmospheric pressure. Low atmospheric pressure leads to low oxygen tension in the air which we inhale and causes a series of changes in the body which may lead to AMS. There is leakage of fluid from the blood stream into the brain. The arteries of the lungs also constrict causing increase in pressure in them which promotes fluid leakage into the lungs. These occur when our body does not get sufficient time to adapt to the change in pressure. Some people may be unable to adapt at all because of some abnormalities in their bodies, for e.g. absence of one pulmonary artery. the relative preparation their brain and the skull etc.

About HAPE.

It is characterized by increasing breathlessness even at rest, productive cough and bluish discoloration of lips and tongue. The sputum may become blood tinged later on. It usually strikes the second night onwards. The bluish discoloration is a late sign and should not happen in the hands of good friends. One important thing about HAPE is that it can occur in a setting outside of AMS. people can have full blown HAPE without headache and other symptoms of AMS. Thus when confronted with the above signs and symptoms of HAPE, toes should not be ignored or dismissed in the light of absence of headache. HAPE likewise seems to be a completely different pathology. It is invariably fatal unless interfered with.

About HACE

It is characterized by increasing headache and vomiting, staggering gait, altered consciousness and other neurological signs. It is thought to be the progression of AMS. The condition develops more rapidly in the night in someone with AMS, probably because of further decrease in ventilation during the night. This explains the common belief in our people that somebody with a bad headache should not go to sleep. This is true but what is equally important is that they should not remain in the same place either. This fact highlights the importance of keeping a high index of suspicion and making decisions about descent in the day and not waiting for the night or the next morning. The single most important test to detect HACE in somebody with AMS is the tandemgait test where a person walks straight on a line in a hill to toe fashion.If he falls beyond the line, it is strongly suggestive of HACE. The person becomes comatose soon thereafter. It is invariably fatal unless interfered with.

Acute Mountain sickness (AMS)

It is a syndrome complex of (a) headeach (b) nausea (c) dizziness (d) sleeplessness and (e) fatigue. Of these, headache is the cardinal symptom. Nobody is immune to AMS above 2500 meter. It is not related to physical fitness or gender. Early AMS feels exactly like alcohol hangover. It is also heralded by the feeling of deep inner chill or a sense of not being well. Late or advanced AMS denotes increase in severity of the above mentioned symptoms. A typical picture will be a porter arrives at a high altitude carrying a heavy load. Immediately, he goes in a corner of a dark room and rests there covered with a blanket from head to toe. He doesn't want any tea or snacks. He starts to throw up once in a while. \when asked, he says he has the worst headache as if somebody is hammering a nail into his forehead and he feels terrible. He is still huddled in the corner at dinner time. When friends bring him food, he does not even want to look at it. when asked, he says yes, I want to go down. High altitude sickness is classified as (a) mild AMS (b) moderate AMS and (c) severe AMS.
If not interfered with, AMS could progress to two fatal complications. (a) High altitude cerebral edema (HACE), meaning swelling of the brain or water in the brain. (b) high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) meaning water in the lungs.

About helthe information.

Most of tourist are from sea label and Nepal is in high place located. For every one will not be fine so that it is very important health care. this is the basics of high altitude sickness. This is to acquaint you with the possible problems which might come your way during your journey to high altitude environments. This is not to scare you but to assist you in preparing yourself and to prevent the preventable.

Going to high altitude there is some risk because you leave the comforts of your daily livings. Different climatic conditions. Your previous medical history act as a predisposing factor. Some time it is not adjust your body and food too. In high place it is mean different of the oxygen presser. In high place there is low oxygen and in low place is plenty of oxygen for the body so it is very important care of the health in mountain are. It begins avobe 2500 meters. It is big different between here and where you are staying so it must take mediations and oxygen bottle available. It is just for trekking to the mountains area.

Culture heritage of Nepal.

Nepal is one of the riches cultural country in the world. Culturally, Nepal is among the most diversified countries in the world. A visible indicator is the spoken language carrying indigenous knowledge on natural resources and life styles. According to the Summer institute of linguistics, there are 125 languages in Nepal of which one has become extinct.

IUCN Nepal Heritage society have documented 1,254 heritage sites in 72 districts outside the Kathmandu valley. According to the 1975 survey, the kathmandu valley holds 888 heritage sites of global significance. Apart from these, there are numerous temples and monuments in the valley. Recognizing the spectacular natural heritage and refined cultural heritage of Nepal, UNESCO has listed ten spots in Nepal as the world heritage sites. Two natural and eight cultural. The two natural sites are the Sagarmatha National park and the Royal chitwan National park. The seven monumental zones of the kathmandu valley were recognized as the cultural world heritage sites in 1979. there are Pashupatinath,Swoyaghunath, bouthanath, Changu Narayan
temple complexes and the three historical palaces of bhktpur,Lalitpir and kathmandu dities. In fact, the kathmandu valley with towns and settlements spread over the fertile alluvial lands irrigated by the perennial springs and streams and surrounded by the woody hills form the integral parts of the heritage sites. With towns capes and temple skylines, live cultural activity's like festivals and ceremonies are part of every day and night. Intricate arts and agricultural practices.

Nature heritage of Nepal.

Nepal represents 118 ecosystems and 35 forest types. It is biological diversity ranging between Indo-Malayan and palaeparctic fauna and flora includes 3critically endangered, 14 endangered and 42 vulnerable faunalspecies, and 2 endangered and 4 vulnerable flora species according to the 2000 IUCN Red list of threatened species. As per Nepal records, there are over 6,500 vascular plants including 252 endemic plants, 400 species of trees and 700 species of medicinal plants and over 844 birds, 181 mammals, 100 reptiles and 43 amphibians. It is also a fact that Nepal's hydro power outbreak is 84000MW that would be a total hydro power potential.

Government of Nepal has declared two significant areas of the country as Gifts to the Earth in support of the wwF's global cmpaign to save the earth. They are the Kangchenjunga region and the prosoded extension of the Royal Bardia Netional park. Similarly,wwF has indentified four of the Global 200 Eco- regions in Nepal representing major biodiversity regions of the world that need special attention. Sagarmatha Nestional Park. Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord buddha, has been inclided in the world Heritage sites. Lumbiniis a living example of human civilixation that established the philosophy of peace and harmony not only among humankind but also with the mature. It also offers nesting ground for the endangered species like saras crane. Tengboche monastery to protect the surroundings in the Sagarmatha National park as a sacred Gifr for a living planet at the Bhaktapur celebration in November 2000.

World Heritage of Nepal.

The world Heritage list was established under terms of the convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and Neutral Heritage adopted on November16, 1972 at the 17th session of the General conference of UNESCO held in Paris from October 17 to November21, 1972. Government of Nepal accepted the convention on June 20, 1978. There are 175states who are signatory to the convention as of September 28, 2002.Thus, the convention is one of the most universally accepted international legal instruments for the protection of heritage. Nepal is rich in both natural and cultural heritage is economically poor country as per the global standards. Its per capital gross domestic product is US 240 for the year 2000/2001. On top of it its gross notional happiness has also been decreased visible with the increasing number of casualties. It would be a wishful thinking to put a price tag on the sagamatha, or on the 5-story temple.

Medical information

You need medical equipments because of most of tourist or visitor are staying around sea label so Nepal is a mountaineering country so it should have information of the altitude sickness. It is possible to suggest a medical kit that will offer drugs or equipment for a very wide variety of emergencies, expeditions very widely in their requirements and the expertise of their medical personnel. Judgements have to made about the scale of equipment to be carried. It is very important bringing madicin with you. In Nepal it is very high place from the sea label. In high place oxygen goes low every step up to Mountain.

Oxygen is very important. Bottled oxygen is available and it is good to get more oxygen for body. In high place goes less and less oxygen for the body and then our hemoglobin of the blood get sick. It goes very difficult to circulation of the blood for all body. In that time will get sick. Here are some all drugs are labelled and listed.
paracetamol Tablets 500bg, take 2 every 4 hours. Codeine phosphate Tablets 30mg, pain/diarrhoea take 2 every 4 hours. Diclofenac 50mg tablets pain take one 3 times daily. Dimorphic 10mg tablets( cd) severe pain pain one every six hours. Dianmorphine 5mg injection (cd) very severe pain one ever six hours. Acetazolamide 250mg tablets take one tablet twice daily. Nifedipine 10mg tablets, take two tablets three times daily. Dexamethasone 2mg tablets, take two tablets four times daily.Dexamethasone 8mg injection (2ml vials) take one 4mg injection 4 times daily.For severe altitude sickness. Dexamethasone2mg tablets and Nifedipine 10mg tablets, take two of each three times daily and come down. Anoxycillin 500mg capsules, antibiotic take one capsule 3 times daily. ciprofloxacin 500mg tablets, antibiotic take one twice a day. Oxtetracylind250mg tablets, antibiotic take one four times daily. Cefotaxime 2g injection antibiotic give one2g inj 3times daily. Metronidazole tablets 400mg, antibiotic take one tablet 3 times daily. tinidazole 500mg tablets, amoebic dysentery take 4 tablets then one twice daily. Quinine 600mg tab;ets Malaria take one 8 hourly.Mebendazole 100mg tablets worms take one twice daily for 3 days. Rabis vaccine read instructions, dog bites give one injection in arm.
If these kind of medicin does not help and then it need rescue.

paragliding in Nepal.

Some excitement into your life with a fantastic activity holiday time. Activity holidays are the perfect way to pump some adventure into your life. Simply give you chance to just switch off from your day to day life and do something different other different holidays are multi activity holidays in which you choose various activities of your choice to do. It must be very enjoyable. For example you could do paragliding in Nepal.You can have more fun because here are many exciting activities waiting for you to experience. In life every adventures can do and you can have enjoy your life. Here are some place for the paragliding in Nepal but on of the popular place is in Sarnkot. It is above 2100 meter high from the see Laval and here is very excellent views you can have in your life.

Rafting adventure

Rafting adventure is one of the popular sport in the river. A lot of Travers having fun in the life. Some excitement into your life with a fantastic activity holiday. Activity holidays are the perfect way to pump some adrenaline into your life. Simply give you chance to just switch off from your day to day life and do something different other different holidays are multi activity holidays in which you choose various activities of your choice to do. For example you could be doing from rafting in Nepal. You can have more fun because here are many exciting activities waiting for you to experience.

other adventure in Himalaya

Other adventure in Himalaya can do in other part of world. In Nepal here are some mountains over 8000 meters. Mt.Everest,Mt.Kanchanjuga, Mt. Makalu, Mt.Lotse, Mt.Dhawalagiri, Mt. Mansalu, Mt.Annapurna Mt.Lotser.Those are in Nepal and some 8000 meter mountains are out of Nepal. Mt. k2 is in pakistan, Mt. choyu is china.

Camp no 4

Camp numer 4 is last camp. From last camp to summit it is one day

Cravas into Ice fall

Khumbu Ice fall there are craves and it is very deep. Around this kind of place should be verycarefull.

Way to camp 1

Bas camp and camp1 is Khumbu Ice fall. In this way is very danger place. There are so many craves and it is place which is danger of the Avalanche. A lot of high porters die in this area.

Everest expedition in Bascamp

Everest Bas camp is very busy place in spring expedition time. In expediting season all the time a lot of claiming members us to come for expedition from different countries. In bas camp it Begins of adventure expedition.
All the claiming gear, equipment and food bring to bas camp. Every climber they fix the plan from bas cam. Every climber supply theirs food and claiming gears from bas camp to high camp or camp1, camp2, camp3, camp4.

Mountain Expeditions

Mountain is north part of Nepal. There are so many mountains and they are dividing three classes. They are 5000-6000m.,6000-7000m.,and above 8000m. The pictures is from expedition. Everest expedition from south col.

Expedition

Expedition means relation with Mountains. Expedition is basically the symbols of adventure sport. It need modern equipment and technique. In high altitude, decrease oxygen pressure, high radiation values,low temperatures and low humidity of the air.
Expedition means an act of expedition on any peak of the mountain range of world. There are some mountains which are over 8000m in the world. Expedition season is spring season is one of the best time. In that time it is very enough strong Ice to fix the mountain gear. In this time is not very cold and not very warm. This season comes after winter season. In winter season will be very snow all over the Mountains and over the ground too. In winter everywhere the ground will frozen and there is much snowfall especially in the months of January and February.
In October time also possible to make small trekking peak expedition. It should be for short peered. It is not for long peered. In this time only bellow 6000m. mountains. In this time less expedition on mountains.